Clayey limestone

lacustrine limestone and clayey limestone, and sandstone, conglomerate, marl, gypsiferous clay and gypsum in places, unconformably overlies the basement unit and has a thickness varying between 200 and 400 m [12],[15],[16]. These units are conformably overlain by the Upper Pliocene-Quaternary aged

clayey definition: 1. containing a lot of clay: 2. containing a lot of clay: . Learn more.While limestone itself doesn’t affect the environment, limestone mining can have a negative impact. On the other hand, the environment can affect limestone by breaking it down. Limestone mining can pollute water and create sinkholes.to abrasion, limestone is less resistant due to the sediments, and marls is even less resistant to erosion due to the clay in its content. In lithology, reddish brown soils and rendzinas form in lands consisting of sedimentary limestone and clayey limestone in particular. As is known, the most important problem theseGet ratings and reviews for the top 11 gutter companies in Limestone, IL. Helping you find the best gutter companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home All Projects Featured Content Media Find a Pro About Please enter a valid...The Upper Paleocene-Middle Eocene aged Halkapınar formation unconformably overlies the Bolkar group. Halkapınar formation starts with conglomerate and sandstones and it comprises sandy and clayey limestone strata, although it is mainly made of sandstone and shale interlayers. Diabasic dykes and stocks can also be found in the Halkapınar ...

clayey的意思、解釋及翻譯：1. containing a lot of clay: 2. containing a lot of clay: 。了解更多。Picture of red clay and limestone rockface can be used as a background stock photo, images and stock photography. Image 11733118.The Denton series consist of deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey materials over residuum weathered from limestone bedrock of lower Cretaceous age. These nearly level or gently sloping soils are on backslopes and footslopes of ridges. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 838 mm (33 in ...(a) Unstratified clayey limestone, Borehole Severo-Kalinovaya 28, interval 3180-3185 m; (b) clastic limestone, Borehole Severo-Kalinovaya 22, interval 3020-3025 m; microbial-detrital cyanobiont ...A material formed by burning clayey limestone nodules was the next step, which firstly happened around 1800 in England and France. Soon after, in the United States, a similar substance was made by burning a naturally occurring mineral called “cement rock.”Mauch Chunk Formation (Mississippian) at surface, covers 3 % of this area. Grayish-red shale, siltstone, sandstone, and some conglomerate; some local nonred zones. Includes Loyalhanna Member (crossbedded, sandy limestone) at base in south-central and southwestern Pennsylvania; also includes Greenbrier Limestone Member, and Wymps Gap and Deer Valley Limestones, which are tongues of the Greenbrier.The Marble Mountains are rocky limestone outcrops jutting out of the beach just south of Da Nang. Paths lead to the top of the forested cliffs, providing views of Non Nuoc Beach …clay, clayey limestone, sandy limestone and other clastic sediments were formed and the thickness of the sedimentary strata is about 5000 m. In some tectonic basins, on the other hand, such as Sütçü­ ler, Aksu-Köprüçay (W of Antalya) coarse clastic materials were accumulated due to intense erosion.

Jul 7, 2023 · Middle unit of yellowish-gray, thin- to thick-bedded, fossiliferous limestone and clayey limestone; weathers nodular, commonly poorly exposed on slope. Thickens westward from 78 to 90 ft. Structure contour drawn on top of Buda. Age is Late Cretaceous. Source: GNU records (USGS DDS-6; Denver GNULEX). 4. Ưu nhược điểm của đá limestone. Đá LimeStone siêu bền và ít biến dạng bởi những yếu tố tác động bên ngoài. Có những biến thể mang màu sắc độc đáo, nhiều hoa văn. Màu sắc đá LimeStone không thu hút như nhiều loại đá khác nhưng với một số công trình cần màu sắc ...Get ratings and reviews for the top 11 gutter companies in Limestone, IL. Helping you find the best gutter companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home All Projects Featured Content Media Find a Pro About Please enter a valid...5 thg 7, 2023 ... This study investigates the shear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams made with a novel green concrete, limestone, calcined clay, and ...To date, the research on mechanical properties of hydrates has focused on sandy sediments, while research on the fine-grained hydrate has been relatively less common. In this paper, clay collected from the South China Sea and quartz sand were used to remold hydrate-bearing clayey-silty sediments (HBCSS). A series of triaxial shear tests were ...The carbonate sediments are white to light olive gray, generally poorly indurated, variably sandy and clayey, fossiliferous (molds and casts) limestone (mudstone and wackestone). The limestones often grade into calcareous-cemented sands.

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For example, a protolith shale will yield a foliated metamorphic rock, and a protolith limestone will yield marble, a non-foliated metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks possess distinctive grades or levels of metamorphic change from minimal to a maximum near total melting. Low-grade metamorphic rocks generally have fine-textured crystals and low ...Jul 19, 2023 · Clayey limestone as the roof and floor with interbedded oil shale forms a sandwich-type source–reservoir–caprock assemblage and relatively good sealing space. This assemblage has strong resistance to tectonic stress and is favorable for bitumen storage, which results in the development of pore fluid overpressure. a)Water suddenly cools in disconnected voids and cracks above the water table, causing the aquifer to explosively fragment. b)Water slowly percolates downward in a network of vertical cracks above the water table; The buildup of water in the underlying aquifer pushes the rest of the water to the surface. c)Rising magma in the lower crust pushes ...Many translated example sentences containing "clayey limestone" – French-English dictionary and search engine for French translations.coal-seams and continues with limestone-clayey limestone-marl-claystone alternation (80 m) and then finishes with cream colored algal limestones (30 m) (Figure 3). The parts of the unit exposed in the study area are lacustrine. In general, it is represented by fresh water algal limestone and thin to medium-bedded clayey limestone in few amounts.

The well-drained, fine-textured Hagerstown (fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs) and Opequon (clayey, mixed, active, mesic Lithic Hapludalfs) soils formed in limestone residuum and dominate this landscape. These soils have clayey subsoils that restrict the flow of water and influence subsurface flow (Zhu and Lin, 2009).sists of conglomerate, sandstone and tuff; ine Kavaklı Formation tonipored of clayey limestone, marl, days-tone, öomgfomerate, sandstone and tuff was deposited in the fluvial and lacustrine environments; and the Mamak Formation is made up of agglomerate and tuff. The Bozdaf Basalt which is the last product of theThe low permeability of clayey-silt hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea affects the thermal and pressure conductivity of the reservoir, which is difficult to spread to the far end of the wellbore and achieve commercial gas production. In this respect, enhancing the permeability to assist depressurization is necessary. Hydraulic fracturing is a promising reservoir stimulation method for ...This Cru grows on a clayey-limestone soil that is one of the most representative types of Chianti Classico: a very stony soil, rich in calcium carbonate and clay and poor in organic matter. HARVEST. Hand picking and selection of the best grapes in the Colledilà vineyard on September 21-22, 2018.Limestone deposit is covered by a 50–70 m thick layer of soil–clayey sand and clay–which has to be removed by means of excavators/shovels and chain bucket excavator. Material must then be disposed in a nearby exhausted multiple-bench open pit partially flooded, with groundwater level expected to raise in the next years (see Fig. 4 ).Very light-gray to light-bluish-gray firm sandy, fossiliferous brittle chalk and grayish-black silty sandy calcareous glauconitic, fossiliferous clay; semi-indurated beds of sandy, clayey limestone are present in some exposures. Abscent locally in parts of Marengo, Dallas and Wilcox Counties where overlapped by the Clayton Formation or eroded.The formation consists of beige-white coloured limestone, 300 m thick, intensely fractured and brittle clayey limestone, marl, conglomerate, and sandstone with volcanic intercalations (Fig. 3 b and c). It is biomicritic limestone composed mainly of microcrystalline calcite crystals rich in pelagic fossils and shell fragments. This micrite in ...The Marble Mountains are rocky limestone outcrops jutting out of the beach just south of Da Nang. Paths lead to the top of the forested cliffs, providing views of Non Nuoc Beach …30 thg 11, 2022 ... Lime is formed when limestone is broken down at high temperatures (i.e. ... strength and durability of clayey soil stabilized with lime. Eng ...The Upper Paleocene-Middle Eocene aged Halkapınar formation unconformably overlies the Bolkar group. Halkapınar formation starts with conglomerate and sandstones and it comprises sandy and clayey limestone strata, although it is mainly made of sandstone and shale interlayers. Diabasic dykes and stocks can also be found in the Halkapınar ...The Unified Soil Classification System ( USCS) is a soil classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. The classification system can be applied to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol. Each letter is described below (with the exception of Pt ): If the ... The structure of the soil in your field or garden improves with the addition of limestone to correct the soil’s pH level. Due to this improvement, nutrients are better absorbed, and your plants can retain more water. Additionally, herbicides work more efficiently in a neutral pH-based environment and break down quicker.

These wines are all about expressing the terroir, revealing the great geological diversity of our vineyard: the grenache vines grow in sandy soil for Silica, stony limestone at altitude for Artemia, and clayey-limestone for Ascensio. The Cuvée Juliette reveals the minerality and salinity of the terroir of Ventoux with finesse and elegance.

The Thermic Very Deep Clayey Non-Cherty Limestone and Dolomite Residuum ecological site is of large extent. This site was likely primarily forested with mixed hardwoods, currently dominated by oak and hickory. It is characterized by rolling topography with gently sloping to very steep upland hills.The In this experimental study, natural stone powder was utilized to improve a cohesive soil’s compaction and strength properties. According to the significant availability of limestone in the globe, it has been chosen for the purpose of the study, in addition to considering the existing rock industry massive waste. Stone powder was used in …Soil in east Texas is sandy and clayey with deep bedrock. Clayey soil has formed on the Eagle Ford shale in south Texas and the Cline shale in southwest Texas. Sandy and clayey soil is present in most of the Gulf coastal area. Push probes are less effective in rocky soil that you might find in West Texas where mixed rock types are present. clay, clayey limestone, sandy limestone and other clastic sediments were formed and the thickness of the sedimentary strata is about 5000 m. In some tectonic basins, on the other hand, such as Sütçü­ ler, Aksu-Köprüçay (W of Antalya) coarse clastic materials were accumulated due to intense erosion.The clay minerals in a soil developed from Lenoir limestone (Ordovician) in Augusta County, Va., are kaolinite and chlorite. The Lenoir limestone contains clay partings consisting of hydrous mica, and the clay in the soil is considered to be residual from that in the parent limestone and modified by soil-forming processes (podzolic). X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay fraction (<2μ) from ... The lower member (200 m-thick) consists of thick-bedded black clayey limestone or limey shale rich in algal fossils specially spheroid forms, presumably the equivalent to the Heshem Formation. The middle member (150 m-thick) consists of white, thick-bedded limestone showing an increase in clay content in its upper parts.The material has been proved to a maximum depth of 20 m and generally comprises angular limestone and marl/gypsum gravel and cobbles with a buff sandy clayey silt matrix. Recent alluvium . Terraces of recent alluvium occur on either side of the Wadi Al Hasa both in the reservoir area downstream of the dam site.Normally, gravel-size pieces of limestone are not deposited together with clay. This and the clay layer being part of a soil suggest that the limestone nodules" are caliche nodules / concretions that precipitated and formed in place within the soil as part of a Petrocalcic “K” horizon of a soil developed in clayey colluvium and alluvium.Oct 1, 2013 · The material has been proved to a maximum depth of 20 m and generally comprises angular limestone and marl/gypsum gravel and cobbles with a buff sandy clayey silt matrix. Recent alluvium . Terraces of recent alluvium occur on either side of the Wadi Al Hasa both in the reservoir area downstream of the dam site.

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Shelly limestone is made up of the shells and skeletons of invertebrates that live in the sea (or sometimes in fresh water). The shells are not usually whole, as they are broken up by waves. Oolitic limestone Oolitic limestone is made up of small spheres called ooiliths that are stuck together by lime mud. They form when calcium carbonate is ...26 Massive shortened limestone with rare passes of marlstone limestone 392,27 70 27 Massive shortened limestone with rare passes of marlstone limestone 392,27 56 28 Very kaolinizated andesite, very cracked 196,13-294,20 37 29 Very kaolinizated andesite with wires plaster 49,03-98,07 30-50 30 Kaolinizated, silicified andesite and lowlimestone translations: đá vôi. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Vietnamese Dictionary.Abstract and Figures. This recent study reports an investigation on the effectiveness of the cutting performance models applied to the Surface Miner Wirtgen 2200-SM operation in a limestone quarry ...to abrasion, limestone is less resistant due to the sediments, and marls is even less resistant to erosion due to the clay in its content. In lithology, reddish brown soils and rendzinas form in lands consisting of sedimentary limestone and clayey limestone in particular. As is known, the most important problem theseLimestone. Some may believe limestone is a rocky outcropping of lime, but such is not the case. Lime is not readily to be found in nature. Limestone is not the oxide of calcium, but the carbonate of calcium, CaCO 3. It is actually the salt theoretically produced through the reaction of calcium and carbonic acid, H 2 CO 3.The transition occurs north of Millville. Buttermilk Falls Limestone (Middle Devonian) (Willard, 1938) - Light- to medium-light-gray-weathering, medium- to dark-gray, thin- to medium-bedded, fossiliferous, flaggy, clayey to silty limestone and nodular black chert. Crystalline Limestone: Crystalline limestone has a well-developed crystalline structure, often with large calcite crystals. It can be visually striking and is used in decorative applications. Clayey Limestone: This type of limestone contains a significant amount of clay, resulting in a fine-grained texture. It is … See moreformation starts with conglomerate and sandstones and it comprises sandy and clayey limestone strata, although it is mainly made of sandstone and shale interlayers. Diabasic dykes and stocks can also be found in the Halkapınar formation. The Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene aged Kepeztepe formation unconformably overliesAntalo Limestone is typically developed in the Mekele area, where a 750 m thick sequence consists of fossiliferous yellow limestone and marl. In chronological order, the formations are: (a) The Abay beds (Central Ethiopia), Middle Jurassic, composed of limestones, calcareous sandstones, shale and gypsum beds (thickness: 580 m). (b)limestone alternation and clayey limestones. The Mescitdağları formation consisting of the alternation of Tertiary aged andesitic-basaltic rocks, agglomerate, tuff, tuffite, and volcanic of sandstone and mudstone is formed on these units [1]. Finally, Quaternary alluvium and slope ….

The meaning of CEMENT ROCK is a clayey limestone having approximately the ratio of alumina, lime, and silica in cement.Marlstone Clayey limestone that has a similar effect to marl. Metamorphic rocks One of the three basic categories of rock (see Rock), this is caused by great heat or pressure, often both. Mica A generic name encompassing various silicate minerals, usually in a fine, decomposed-rock format. Millstone Siliceous, iron-rich, sedimentary rock. A – Clayey limestone with chert nodules from unit three, arrow indicates position of chert nodule. B – View of chert nodule and chert band in unit four.In this work, the strength and microstructure of a clayey soil stabilized using limestone powder waste and lime or cement were studied employing the following techniques: unconfined compressive strength tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy.clay and limestone. Wildflower Gardening In Middle Tennessee. Wednesday, September 27, 2023. Wildflower Wednesday: Rough and Tumble Wildflowers on the Greenway ...Looking for the BEST pizza in Birmingham? Look no further! Click this now to discover the top pizza places in Birmingham, AL - AND GET FR Welcome to the “Magic City,” where steel (iron ore, coal, and limestone) is naturally found within a 1...In this work, the strength and microstructure of a clayey soil stabilized using limestone powder waste and lime or cement were studied employing the following …clayey limestone overlies this formation concordantly. The Jura-Cretaceous age Köroğlutepesi formation, consisting of grey and beige limestones, is unconformably sitting on the Katarası formation. As a result of petrographic studies carried out on 21 thin sections compiled from the region, it was revealed that clasticThe LBL facies are composed of thin to medium layered, black to dark gray bituminous limestones and clayey limestone layers. The lower part is represented by thin to medium layered, bioclastic wackestone, whereas the middle to upper levels comprises thin to very thin bedded, bioclastic lime mudstone that intercalated with clayey limestone.a)Water suddenly cools in disconnected voids and cracks above the water table, causing the aquifer to explosively fragment. b)Water slowly percolates downward in a network of vertical cracks above the water table; The buildup of water in the underlying aquifer pushes the rest of the water to the surface. c)Rising magma in the lower crust pushes ... Clayey limestone, The evolution of the continental lacustrine sedimentary environment in the study area caused the carbonate-rich lithofacies and the clay-rich or organic-rich facies …, Lacustrine limestone A freshwater limestone that forms at the bottom of lakes. Lacustrine-limestone soils have been found on Pelee Island and the Niagara district of Ontario, Yakima Valley in Washington, and Quincy in the Loire Valley., (a) Unstratified clayey limestone, Borehole Severo-Kalinovaya 28, interval 3180-3185 m; (b) clastic limestone, Borehole Severo-Kalinovaya 22, interval 3020-3025 m; microbial-detrital cyanobiont ..., Pure limestone is made up of two component minerals: calcium carbonate and calcium-magnesium carbonate. The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is CaCO3. The chemical formula for calcium-magnesium carbonate is CaMg(CO3)2., Middle unit of yellowish-gray, thin- to thick-bedded, fossiliferous limestone and clayey limestone; weathers nodular, commonly poorly exposed on slope. Thickens westward from 78 to 90 ft. Structure contour drawn on top of Buda. Age is Late Cretaceous. Source: GNU records (USGS DDS-6; Denver GNULEX)., Clayey limestone facies. Clayey limestones overlie the organically bounded framestone (algal reef) with a sharp and irregular contact (Fig. 6a). It is around 3.5 m thick brownish white colored, fine-grained, thinly bedded and unfossiliferous limestone facies (confirmed after acid test in the field)., (u) Clayey limestone with bedding denoted by a change in colour caused by the clay component content from publication: 6.1 The Imandra/Varzuga Greenstone Belt | The Late Archaean-Early ..., Fine-powdered stone sludge was mixed with clay soil and lime. Thus, the effectiveness of using waste stone powder and lime in stabilizing fine-grained clayey ..., This study addresses the application of plurigaussian simulation technique to reveal the subsurface rock type distribution of a cement raw material deposit in Turkey. …, Samples from late Jurassic–early Cretaceous age limestones in five different areas in the Gümüşhane region (NE-Türkiye), were studied using TOC/Rock–Eval, and some trace elements analysis, to evaluate their organic material source, type, thermal maturity, and paleo-environment conditions. The studied carbonate rocks are characterized by 90 m thick in the Bağlarbaşı section, 420 m in ..., Becomes calcareous eastward grading into light-greenish-gray calcareous, micaceous, clayey fine to medium sand, medium-gray sandy, calcareous clay and white to light-gray thin bedded partly clayey, fossiliferous limestone. East of Crenshaw County, owing to lithologic similarity, beds correlative with the Porters Creek are included in the ..., Find Limestone Clay stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, 3D objects, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection ..., Soil that develops at the surface may be sandy where the bedrock is sandstone layers or clayey where the bedrock is fine-grained formations like limestone and marl. Sandy and clayey soil may also occur along rivers channels and floodplains and in coastal zones. Caliche is a unique soil type that forms in drier areas of Texas as carbonate ..., The Thermic Very Deep Clayey Non-Cherty Limestone and Dolomite Residuum ecological site is of large extent. This site was likely primarily forested with mixed hardwoods, currently dominated by oak and hickory. It is characterized by rolling topography with gently sloping to very steep upland hills., Is formation mapped in eastern Brewster County, Texas, along Rio Grande, in Permian basin. Mapped undivided with Walnut Clay. Map unit described as medium-gray, poorly bedded limestone and clayey limestone, very finely crystalline, in upper part medium- to coarse-grained clastic limestone; very fossiliferous; weathers nodular, light …, In this research, stone dust obtained from stone processing area used for Stabilization of clayey soil with lime. Thus, the effectiveness of using stone powder and lime in stabilizing fine-grained ..., Mauch Chunk Formation (Mississippian) at surface, covers 14 % of this area. Grayish-red shale, siltstone, sandstone, and some conglomerate; some local nonred zones. Includes Loyalhanna Member (crossbedded, sandy limestone) at base in south-central and southwestern Pennsylvania; also includes Greenbrier Limestone Member, and Wymps Gap and Deer Valley Limestones, which are tongues of the Greenbrier. , Portland cement is a successor to a hydraulic lime that was first developed by John Smeaton in 1756 when he was called in to erect the Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of Plymouth, Devon, England.The next development, taking place about 1800 in England and France, was a material obtained by burning nodules of clayey limestone., Miocene aged clayey limestone and Quaternary aged alluvium. The dimensions of the landslides were determined. A total of 52 boreholes with depths ranging between 10 m and 35 m were drilled in order to obtain the sliding depth and groundwater level. There existed 58 landslides around the southern, western and northern parts of the Şamlı hill., recrystallized clayey limestone at different levels, grey-black coloured metadolomite and grey-black coloured moderate-thick-bedded, locally very thick limestone and marble containing hematite zones, fractures filled with calcite and macro fossil shells (Keskin and Alan, 2013) (Figure 4b). The Çiftehan formation in the Bozkır Assemblage, Depth to sand, gravel, or limestone contact: 203 to 914 cm (80 to 360 in) Thickness of the mollic epipedon: more than 51 to 152 cm (20 to 60 in) Shrink-swell: COLE ranges from about .04 to .09 in the upper 127 cm (50 in) but lacks a layer 51 cm (20 in) or thicker with COLE OF .07 or more. Particle-size control section (weighted average), The shrinkage characteristics of expansive clayey soils are improved significantly by the addition of lime (Fig. 4). The addition of lime to such clay soils also reduces, or indeed removes, their poten- tial for swelling. The reduction in swelling is believed to be mainly due to substitution of other cations by calcium., Limestone is a rock that originally formed under the ocean. It is made of the bones and shells of tiny sea creatures that died millions of years ago. New Zealand has some dramatic limestone formations, including the Pancake Rocks on the West Coast, and the Waitomo caves near Te Kuiti. Limestone is used in cement, an ingredient of concrete., The objective of this research was to determine the effects of cement and lime stabilization on the SWCC of a clayey subgrade soil sampled from Monticello, Utah ..., Expert Answer. A one-story, 20-m wide x 50-m long concrete tilt-up office building is to be built at a site near a wetlands. Previous exploratory borings at nearby sites encountered about 1 m of moderately stiff clayey fill underlain by about 4 m of very soft organic silts and clays, then 15 m of progressively stiffer sandy clays and clayey sands., The transition occurs north of Millville. Buttermilk Falls Limestone (Middle Devonian) (Willard, 1938) - Light- to medium-light-gray-weathering, medium- to dark-gray, thin- to medium-bedded, fossiliferous, flaggy, clayey to silty limestone and nodular black chert., The main rock formation is marl and clayey limestone. The geology and geotechnical properties of the rock formations including the results of petrographical analysis are first explained. The rock ..., Oct 21, 2023 · Crystalline Limestone: Crystalline limestone has a well-developed crystalline structure, often with large calcite crystals. It can be visually striking and is used in decorative applications. Clayey Limestone: This type of limestone contains a significant amount of clay, resulting in a fine-grained texture. It is used in making cement and other ... , clay and limestone. Wildflower Gardening In Middle Tennessee. Wednesday, September 27, 2023. Wildflower Wednesday: Rough and Tumble Wildflowers on the Greenway ..., The Talbott series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in clayey residuum weathered from limestone. These soils have moderately slow permeability. The slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent. TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludalfs. , Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - Online 3D modeling! Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with older versions of the amazing SketchUp Make and the newer "up to date" …, clayey definition: 1. containing a lot of clay: 2. containing a lot of clay: . Learn more. , The Unified Soil Classification System ( USCS) is a soil classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. The classification system can be applied to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol. Each letter is described below (with the exception of Pt ):